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System 2

System 2 or Effortful System or "logical decisions", is the system dealing with complex thinking. It can follow rules, compare objects on several attributes, and make deliberate choices between options[1].

It is part of two systems of decision making, the first is the automatic-system(system 1) which decide fast by intuition and the second is the ECS which produce reasoning.The term system 1 and system 2 was given by Stanovich and West[2].

People tend to use system 2 for material purchases, while using system 1 for experiential purchasing[3].

It seems to be activated by conflict detection in the ACC.

It seems to be reinforeced by rewords[4][5]

Rolls et al. describe the areas in which explicit (? system 2) and implicit (? system 1) decision making is done[6]. System-1 is handeld by the basal ganglia, and system-2 is handeld by the PFC[7][8][9].

System 2 may seems to be activated by Reward Prediction Error RPE.

System 2 can have more influence on self conventions (The elephant) if you delay response to stimulus[10][11].

System 2 and LibCon

It seems that open-mindedness according to Cognitive Reflection Test is not correlated with conservatism[12].

References

  1. Khanman D., 2011, Thinking fast, Thinking slow p. 36
  2. Stanovich KE, West RF., Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behav Brain Sci. 2000 Oct;23(5):645-65; discussion 665-726.
  3. Gallo, Iñigo, et al. "The Heart and the Head: On Choosing Experiences Intuitively and Possessions Deliberatively." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (2016).
  4. Henk van Steenbergen, Guido P.H. Band & Bernhard Hommel, Reward valence modulates conflict-driven attentional adaptation: Electrophysiological evidence, Biological Psychology 90 (2012) 234–241
  5. Senne Braem, Tom Verguts, Chantal Roggeman, Wim Notebaert, Reward modulates adaptations to conflict, Cognition (August 2012), doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.015
  6. Value, pleasure and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Fabian Grabenhorst, Edmund T Rolls (2011) Trends in cognitive sciences 15 (2) p. 56-67(summery)
  7. Rolls, E.T. and Grabenhorst, F. (2008) The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making. Prog. Neurobiol. 86, 216–244
  8. Rolls, E.T. (2005) Emotion Explained, Oxford University Press
  9. Balleine, B.W. and O’Doherty, J.P. (2010) Human and rodent homologies in action control: corticostriatal determinants of goaldirected and habitual action. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 48–69
  10. Paxton, J.M., Ungar, L., Greene, J.D., (2011 ePub). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive Science
  11. haidt, 2012, the ritious mind, p. 81
  12. Dan Kahan (2013), Motivated system 2 reasoning--experimental evidence & its significance for explaining political polarization - review